Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Clinical Insights, Diagnosis, and Management Strategies

Abstract

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a multifaceted inflammatory disease that affects the heart, leading to complications such as arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Endomyocardial biopsy is the diagnostic gold standard, but its low sensitivity and risks limit its utility. Imaging modalities, such as cardiac magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography, are critical for diagnosing and managing CS. Additionally, CS treatment primarily involves corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents to reduce inflammation and control disease progression, although biologics such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors are considered in refractory or steroid-dependent cases. This narrative review revises the existing knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of CS, providing a comprehensive overview of current strategies.