A Comprehensive Review on Biofortification in Vegetable Crops

Abstract

Biofortification is an approach that combines biotechnology and fortification to improve the nutritional profile of staple crops, combating human malnutrition caused by essential vitamin and mineral deficiencies. It involves conventional breeding, biotechnology and agronomic strategies to increase the concentration of plant-derived nutrients and vitamins in edible parts during growth. While not as nutrient-dense as supplements or fortified foods, biofortified crops enhance daily micronutrient intake for all age groups. This sustainable, affordable approach is crucial for addressing micronutrient malnutrition, affecting around two billion people, particularly those with iron deficiency anaemia. Strategies include agronomic biofortification, involving micronutrient fertilizers and conventional breeding and hybridizing varieties for increased micronutrient levels. Genetic engineering enhances nutrient synthesis, while agronomic biofortification improves nutrient absorption and distribution. However, acceptance challenges and regulatory complexities persist. Future efforts should involve collaboration between plant breeders, molecular scientists and nutrition experts to enhance crop nutrition and receive increased funding from various organisations to combat global malnutrition effectively.