Iron Isotopes in Acid Mine Drainage: Extreme and Divergent Fractionation between Solid (Schwertmannite, Jarosite, and Ferric Arsenate) and Aqueous Species

Abstract

Examination of stable Fe isotopes is a powerful tool to explore Fe cycling in a range of environments. However, the isotopic fractionation of Fe in acid mine drainage (AMD) has received little attention and is poorly understood. Here, we analyze Fe isotopes in waters and Fe(III)-rich solids along an AMD flow-path. Aqueous Fe spanned a concentration and δ56Fe range of ∼420 mg L-1and + 0.04‰ at the AMD source to ∼100 mg L-1and -0.81‰ at ∼450 m downstream. Aqueous As (up to ∼33 mg L-1) and SO42-(up to ∼2000 mg L-1), like aqueous Fe, decreased in concentration down the flow-path. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that downstream attenuation in aqueous Fe, As, and SO42-was due to the precipitation of amorphous ferric arsenate (AFA), schwertmannite, and jarosite. The Fe(III) in these solids displayed extreme variability in δ56Fe, spanning +3.95‰ in AFA near the AMD source to -1.34‰ in schwertmannite at ∼450 m downstream. Similarly, the isotopic contrast between solid Fe(III) precipitates and aqueous Fe (Δ56Feppt-aq) dropped along the flow-path from about +4.1 to -1.1‰. The shift from positive to negative Δ56Feppt-aqreflects divergence between competing equilibrium versus kinetic fractionation processes.