A review: In vivo studies of bioceramics as bone substitute materials

Abstract

The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usually unable to repair spontaneously by the body's healing mechanisms. Bioceramics are being used for bone tissue regeneration to stimulate the growth of bone cells and guide osseous remodeling. The three most common types of bioceramics used in bone tissue engineering (hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and tricalcium phosphate) were selected and studied in vivo animal models, exhibiting favorable bone formation with positive biocompatibility reactions for several animal models. In the study, an extensive review of research was conducted to assess the bone‐forming capabilities of scaffolds in bone defects and remodeling in vivo. This review aims to support a large‐scale assessment of the capabilities of in vivo studies to generate an optimal regenerative process based on an analysis of the results. In addition to providing an essential reference for the applications of bone tissue engineering, the review will assist in developing novel in vivo investigations.