Algorithmic governance and criminal justice: a comparative analysis of ethical AI frameworks in Jordan and Oman

Abstract

Background – The increasing application of artificial intelligence (AI) within criminal justice poses problems related to transparency, accountability, and human rights. Although the international discourse on ethical AI has gained attention, comparative research in Global South settings is still scarce. Methods – This paper employs qualitative comparative analysis to explore AI governance in Jordan and Oman's criminal justice systems. It examines policy texts covering the period from 2020 to 2025, focusing on principles of transparency, accountability, fairness, privacy, and human oversight, guided by the “silicon cage” framework. Results – Both Jordan and Oman align with global ethical AI standards; however, a policy -law gap persists, as governance frameworks rely primarily on non-binding instruments. While similar principles are present, Jordanian policies emphasize human rights, whereas Omani policies prioritize development-oriented objectives. Conclusion – Convergence in normative principles does not translate into uniform regulatory implementation. Contextual factors play a decisive role in shaping governance outcomes.