Blue Zones: Centenarian Modes of Physical Activity: A Scoping Review

Abstract

The primary aim of this scoping review was to identify the predominant modes of physical activity (PA) in each Blue Zone and to explore the influences that environment and culture have on PA. A research team of three Doctor of Physiotherapy students completed a systematic search using five online databases and cross referenced each reviewer in the study selection process. The study selection was based on eligibility criteria comprised of population autonomy/independence, > 80 years, Blue Zone resident, specified mode of physical activity, and utilized all research designs except for case studies and literature reviews. The databases retrieved a total of 236 articles, and 18 of which, met the inclusion criteria. Data synthesis revealed that 81% of the activities engaged by Blue Zone centenarians are moderate intensity activities. Blue Zone centenarians represent a significantly high physical functioning and high levels of activity through labouring occupations, outdoor hobbies and in-home activities. The most predominant mode represented through the included studies was agricultural activities. Overall, Blue Zones Centenarians are highly active, perform continuous and consistent movements daily, maintain daily hobbies, and work beyond the expected age of retirement. The key findings represent a significant effect on PA by environmental and cultural influences of each region.