Plant leaf detection and counting in a greenhouse during day and nighttime using a raspberry Pi NoIR camera

Abstract

A non-destructive method using machine vision is an effective way to monitor plant growth. However, due to the lighting changes and complicated backgrounds in outdoor environments, this be-comes a challenging task. In this paper, a low-cost camera system using an NoIR (no infrared filter) camera and a Raspberry Pi module is employed to detect and count the leaves of Ramie plants in a greenhouse. An infrared camera captures the images of leaves during the day and nighttime for a pre-cise evaluation. The infrared images allow Otsu thresholding to be used for efficient leaf detection. A combination of numbers of thresholds is introduced to increase the detection performance. Two ap-proaches, consisting of static images and image sequence methods are proposed. A watershed algorithm is then employed to separate the leaves of a plant. The experimental results show that the proposed leaf detection using static images achieves high recall, precision, and F1 score of 0.9310, 0.9053, and 0.9167, respectively, with an execution time of 551 ms. The strategy of using sequences of images increases the performances to 0.9619, 0.9505, and 0.9530, respectively, with an execution time of 516.30 ms. The proposed leaf counting achieves a difference in count (DiC) and absolute DiC (ABS_DiC) of 2.02 and 2.23, respectively, with an execution time of 545.41 ms. Moreover, the proposed method is evaluated using the benchmark image datasets, and shows that the foreground–background dice (FBD), DiC, and ABS_DIC are all within the average values of the existing techniques. The results sug-gest that the proposed system provides a promising method for real-time implementation.