XRD and XRF Analysis of the ancient bricks from Candi Kampung Baru, Kedah

Abstract

XRD and XRF analysis on the ancient bricks were conducted to identify whether the raw materials to produce the bricks originate from the site. Candi Kampung Baru is recorded as one of the temple that used bricks as the main construction material. This site is suggested to be built between the 8th to 10th centuries AD based on the size of the bricks and imported ceramics associated with the structure. The position of this candi that is facing to the north is a major indication that the candi in Kampung Baru Site is one of the many Buddhist candis that have been found in Bujang Valley. This study used X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis techniques to identify the composition of the major and trace elements and minerals found in the bricks. The results of the analysis on the ancient brick of Candi Kampung Baru revealed that the mineral content contained in the brick samples consists of quartz, muscovite, microcline and sanidine. Minerals found suggest that open burning technique was used during the brick making process with the local raw clay sources were used to produce the bricks. The results therefore implied that the participation of the local communities in Old Kedah Kingdom contributed to the prosperity of this region.