Serum C-reactive protein as a prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Various factors have been proposed as possible candidates associated with the prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); however, there is still no consensus on which biomarkers are reliable prognostic factors. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a biomarker of the inflammatory response that shows significant prognostic value for several diseases. OBJECTIVE: To examine the prognostic significance of CRP in ALS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients' serum CRP levels were evaluated from January 1, 2009, to June 30, 2015, in a large cohort of patients with ALS observed by an Italian tertiary multidisciplinary center. Results were replicated in an independent cohort obtained from a population-based registry of patients with ALS. A post hoc analysis was performed of the phase 2 trial of NP001 to determine whether stratification by levels of CRP improves differentiation of responders and nonresponders to the drug. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Serum CRP levels from the first examination were recorded to assess their effect on disease progression and survival. RESULTS: A total of 394 patients with ALS (168 women and 226 men; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 60.18 [13.60] years) were observed in a tertiary multidisciplinary center, and the analysis was replicated in an independent cohort of 116 patients with ALS (50 women and 66 men; mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 67.00 [10.74] years) identified through a regional population-based registry. Serum CRP levels in the 394 patients with ALS correlated with severity of functional impairment, as measured by total score on the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised, at first evaluation (r = -0.14818; P = .004), and with patient survival (hazard ratio, 1.129; 95% CI, 1.033-1.234; P = .007). Similar results were found in the independent cohort (hazard ratio, 1.044; 95% CI, 1.016-1.056; P ≤ .001). Moreover, a post hoc analysis of the phase 2 trial of NP001 using the same CRP threshold showed that patients with elevated baseline CRP levels receiving the higher dose of NP001 had significantly less functional impairment after the treatment period compared with patients with normal baseline CRP, regardless of whether patients with normal CRP levels received NP001 or placebo (3.00 [3.62] vs -7.31 [6.23]; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that patients with ALS and elevated serum CRP levels progress more rapidly than do those with lower CRP levels and that this elevation may reflect a neuroinflammatory state potentially responsive to the immune regulators such as NP001.