Isolated Abducens Nerve Palsy Following Spinal Anesthesia

Abstract

A healthy 28-year-old lady, para 1, presented to the emergency department with persistent frontal headache, nausea, and vomiting following an emergency cesarean section four days ago. She experienced difficulties with six failed attempts of spinal anesthesia intrapartum before conversion to general anesthesia. A 25-gauge Whitacre needle was utilized for administering spinal anesthesia under a sitting position. The anesthetist noticed a loss of resistance upon needle insertion, but only a negligible amount of cerebrospinal fluid was obtained upon removing the stylet. The patient underwent an emergency cesarean section due to fetal distress, and she was not in labor during the attempts of spinal anesthesia. Otherwise, the cesarean section lasted for an hour and was uneventful. No intrapartum eclampsia or pre-eclampsia. She was diagnosed with post-dural puncture headache, and her symptoms improved after receiving intravenous hydration, oral caffeine, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). However, on the sixth day after the spinal anesthesia, she suddenly developed double vision. Examination showed bilateral visual acuity was measured at 6/7.5. No proptosis or ptosis was noted. The relative afferent pupillary defect was negative with no anisocoria. Both eyes were orthophoria with normal head posture. Extraocular muscles revealed a right abduction restriction of -1 with the patient complaining of binocular horizontal diplopia at the right gaze, consistent with right abducens nerve palsy. Systemic neurological findings were normal, and imaging results were unremarkable. Diagnosis of right abducens nerve palsy post-dural puncture was made clinically. The patient was keen on conservative management instead of blood patch therapy. Hence, she was treated supportively via uni-ocular patching to relieve diplopia. Spontaneous complete recovery of the right abducens nerve palsy was observed after three weeks. Cranial nerve palsy is a rare complication reported following spinal anesthesia, with the abducens nerve being the commonest nerve involved. Although it is not always benign, the presented case showed spontaneous complete recovery of the right abducens nerve palsy after three weeks. Awareness of this uncommon complication will avoid unnecessary distress and investigative burden to both the patient and the doctor.