A DFT study on the mechanism of Rh2II, II-catalyzed intramolecular amidation of carbamates

Abstract

The potential-energy surfaces of the reactions of dirhodium tetracarboxylate (Rh2II,II) catalyzed nitrene (NR) insertion into C-H bonds were examined by a DFT computational study. A pure Becke exchange functional (B88) rather than a hybrid exchange functional (B3, BHandH) was found to be appropriate for the calculation of the energy difference between the singlet and triplet Rh2II,II-NH nitrene species. Rh2II,II-NR1 (R1 = (S)-2-methyl-1-butylformyl) is thermodynamically more favorable with a free energy lower than that of Rh2II, II-N-(PhI)R1. The singlet and triplet states of Rh 2II,II-NR1 have similar stability. Singlet Rh2II,II-NR1 undergoes a concerted NR insertion into the C-H bond with simultaneous formation of the N-H and N-C bonds during C-H bond cleavage; triplet Rh2II,II-NR1 undergoes H atom abstraction to produce a diradical, followed by subsequent bond formation by diradical recombination. The singlet pathway is favored over the triplet in the context of the free energy of activation and leads to the retention of the chirality of the C atom in the NR insertion product. The reactivities of the C-H bonds toward the nitrene-insertion reaction follow the order tertiary > secondary > primary. Relative reaction rates were calculated for the six reaction pathways examined in this work. © 2007 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.