A systematic literature review to explore lived experiences with phantom limb phenomenon following a lower extremity amputation: a qualitative synthesis

Abstract

Objective: In this review we aimed to understand better frequent experiences accompanying phantom limb issues from patients’ perspective and accordingly to generate recommendations for clinical practice. Methods: A systematic literature review approach was utilized and articles meeting the eligibility criteria were critically appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP). Additionally, a meta-synthesis approach was adopted to combine and analyze the data. Results: Ten relevant studies were critiqued, key themes were: 1) early Information Provision about phantom Limb Pain (PLP) and Participants’ Satisfaction; 2) the PLP's described characteristics; 3) different Emotions and Psychosocial Issues with PLP; 4) the Impact of the PLP on Performing Daily Activities; and 5) the experienced strategies to address the PLP. Conclusion: The experience of phantom limb varies among individuals with lower limb amputation (LLA); however, for many, PLP significantly affects both physical and psychological well-being, adding an additional burden to the overall experience of amputation. Addressing these challenges should begin with early education, followed by a rehabilitation process that considers individual differences in coping mechanisms. Moreover, patients’ preferences should be prioritized when selecting prosthetic devices and determining the most appropriate treatment strategies for managing PLP.