Framing colonial war loot The 'captured' spolia opima of Kunwar Singh

Abstract

This article investigates the provenance of four artefacts associated with the military commander Kunwar Singh (1777-1858), who fought a guerrilla campaign against the British during the Indian Uprising of 1857-8. By analysing how these objects were documented and inscribed, it can be shown that, through the invocation of what is characterized here as 'martial discourse', British officers framed the acquisition of the arms, armour and ceremonial possessions of an enemy commander in very specific ways. As an overlooked aspect of nineteenth-century British military culture, an examination of martial discourse helps to clarify how British officers presented acquisitions in colonial military contexts. Fundamental to the examples considered here - which include 'taken in action', 'captured' and 'spolia opima' - was an implicit and shared understanding within the British military establishment that artefacts deemed to signify victory and military prowess could be elevated above, and distinguished from those taken during acts of unsanctioned appropriation and looting.