Correlation between small earthquakes and CO2 anomalies in spring waters: a statistical experiment on the probability of seismic occurrence

Abstract

We correlated carbon dioxide ((Formula presented.)) time series detected at the Gallicano site in Tuscany, Italy, with low-magnitude earthquakes occurred in the surrounding area between 2017 and 2021. The (Formula presented.) irregular component distribution was analyzed by a Pearson type VII fit, and its cumulate probability by the Gauss’s hypergeometric function, to statistically evidence anomalous fluctuations. We calculated the Matthews correlation between gas concentrations and low-magnitude earthquakes by defining a binary occurrence of (Formula presented.) anomalies and seismic events. A positive correlation was highlighted by a time lag between the digital series, which resulted in (Formula presented.) anomaly detections ahead of the earthquake time of two days. The correlated earthquakes were mainshocks of local magnitude 1.2 to 3.6, with epicenters within 40 (Formula presented.) from the Gallicano site. Correlations among rainfalls, (Formula presented.) concentrations and earthquakes were also considered, showing that only few rainfall events were followed by a (Formula presented.) anomaly, mostly a day late.