An integrative look at SARS-CoV-2 (Review)

Abstract

SARS-coV-2 is a newly discovered member of the betacoronaviruses and the etiological agent of the disease cOVId-19. SARS-coV-2 is responsible for the worldwide pandemic which has been taking place in 2020, and is causing a markedly higher number of infections and deaths compared to previous coronaviruses, such as SARS-coV or MERS-CoV. Based on updated scientific literature, the present review compiles the most relevant knowledge of SARS-coV-2, cOVId-19 and the clinical and typical responses that patients have exhibited against this virus, discussing current and future therapies, and proposing strategies with which to combat the disease and prevent a further global threat. The aggressiveness of SARS-coV-2 arises from its capacity to infect, and spread easily and rapidly through its tight interaction with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (AcE-2) receptor. While not all patients respond in a similar manner and may even be asymptomatic, a wide range of manifestations associated with cOVId-19 have been described, particularly in vulnerable population groups, such as the elderly or individuals with other underlying conditions. The proper function of the immune system plays a key role in an individual's favorable response to SARS-coV-2 infection. A hyperactivated response, on the contrary, could account for the more severe cases of cOVId-19, and this may finally lead to respiratory insufficiency and other complications, such as thrombotic or thromboembolic events. The development of novel therapies and vaccines designed to control and regulate a proper immune system response will be key to clinical management, prevention measures and effective population screening to attenuate the transmission of this novel RNA virus.