Health Risk Assessment of Heavy and Trace Metals in Personal Care Products in Nigeria

Abstract

Heavy metal poisoning is linked to disorders like cancer, endocrine disruption, and kidney dysfunction due to prolonged exposure to environmental pollutants. This study assesses heavy and trace metal levels in cosmetic products sold in Nigeria, including eye shadow, face powder, foundation, henna, eyeliner, and lipsticks. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), concentrations of heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel) and trace metals (iron, chromium, zinc) were determined. A health risk assessment based on the Margin of Safety (MoS), calculated from systemic exposure dosage (SED) and No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL), was conducted. Face powders and eyeliners showed concerning iron and lead levels, with MoS values indicating potential health risks from prolonged use. The highest heavy metal concentration (262.850 ppm of iron) was found in henna, while the lowest (0.001 ppm) was observed in various products. The findings highlight the need for stricter regulatory oversight to mitigate these risks.