Numerical Benchmark Studies on Flow and Solute Transport in Geological Reservoirs

Abstract

Predicting and characterising groundwater flow and solute transport in engineering and hydrogeological applications, such as dimensioning tracer experiments, rely primarily on numerical modelling techniques. During software selection for numerical modelling, the accuracy of the re-sults, financial costs of the simulation software, and computational resources should be considered. This study evaluates numerical modelling approaches and outlines the advantages and disad-vantages of several simulators in terms of predictability, temporal control, and computational efficiency conducted in a single user and single computational resource set‐up. A set of well‐established flow and transport modelling simulators, such as MODFLOW/MT3DMS, FEFLOW, COMSOL Mul-tiphysics, and DuMuX were tested and compared. These numerical simulators are based on three numerical discretisation schemes, i.e., finite difference (FD), finite element (FE), and finite volume (FV). The influence of dispersivity, potentially an artefact of numerical modelling (numerical dis-persion), was investigated in parametric studies, and results are compared with analytical solutions. At the same time, relative errors were assessed for a complex field scale example. This comparative study reveals that the FE‐based simulators COMSOL and FEFLOW show higher accuracy for a spe-cific range of dispersivities under forced gradient conditions than DuMuX and MOD‐ FLOW/MT3DMS. FEFLOW performs better than COMSOL in regard to computational time both in single‐core and multi‐core computing. Overall computational time is lowest for the FD‐based sim-ulator MODFLOW/MT3DMS while the number of mesh elements is low (here < 12,800 elements). However, for finer discretisation, FE software FEFLOW performs faster.