A non-mercury electrode for the voltammetric determination of butralin in foods

Abstract

A modified electrode was developed with Co-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles stabilized in poly(vinylpyrrolidone) for butralin monitoring. This is the first non-mercury electrode proposed for the quantification of butralin. The bimetallic nanoparticles were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, which showed that they are composed of a cobalt core partially covered with silver. The modified electrode was characterized by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The experimental parameters (pH, supporting electrolyte, accumulation step, pulse technique) were optimized. The calibration plot for butralin obtained by square wave voltammetry was linear in the range of 0.1–1.0 μmol L−1 with limits of detection and quantification of 32 and 106 nmol L−1, respectively. Lastly, the modified electrode was effectively implemented in the quantification of butralin in honey and apple jam samples. The results were in agreement with those furnished by UV–vis spectrometry and endorsed by statistical tests.