Mechanistic Characterization of Cancer Associated Fibroblast Depletion via an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein

Abstract

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a prominent cell type within the tumor microenvironment where they are known to promote cancer cell growth and survival, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and immunosuppression. The transmembrane prolyl protease Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) is expressed on the surface of highly pro-tumorigenic CAFs found in the stroma of nearly every cancer of epithelial origin. The widespread expression of FAP has made it an attractive therapeutic target based on the underlying hypothesis that eliminating pro-tumorigenic CAFs will disrupt the crosstalk between components of TME resulting in cancer cell death and immune infiltration. This hypothesis, however, has never been directly proven. To eliminate FAP-expressing CAFs, we developed an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) using our anti-FAP antibody, huB12, coupled to a monomethyl auristatin E (huB12-MMAE) payload. After determining that huB12 was an effective targeting vector, we found that huB12-MMAE potently eliminated FAP-expressing cells as monocultures in vitro and significantly prolonged survival in vivo using a xenograft engineered to overexpress FAP. We investigated the effects of selectively eliminating CAFs using a layered, open microfluidic cell co-culture platform, known as the Stacks. Analysis of mRNA and protein expression found that treatment with huB12-MMAE resulted in the increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and IL8 by CAFs and an associated increase in expression of pro-inflammatory genes in cancer cells. We also detected increased secretion of CSF1, a cytokine involved in myeloid recruitment and differentiation. Our findings suggest that the mechanism of FAP-targeted therapies is through effects on the immune microenvironment and anti-tumor immune response.