Electrode contaminant plasma effects in 1 0 7 -A Z pinch accelerators

Abstract

The dynamics of electrode heating, sheath flow, and contaminant plasma evolution in Sandia National Laboratories' high-power $Z$ accelerator is studied in a series of 2D relativistic particle-in-cell simulations. These dynamics can lead to the shunting of current before reaching the $Z$ pinch load, thus degrading load performance. Previous work has focused on current diverted in the upstream magnetically insulated transmission lines (MITLs) and post-hole convolute regions of $Z$. In these regions, losses were found to scale strongly with load impedance as well as the system vacuum and were calculated to be as high as 1--2 MA. Downstream from the convolute region in $Z$, current measurement is problematic, leading to a lack of understanding of the loss mechanisms in the small radius ($l3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{cm}$) MITL feeding the load. In this paper, we present the first ever 2D fully electromagnetic, fully kinetic simulations of plasma evolution and current shunting in the inner MITL region of $Z$. This region is defined by a radially converging MITL, which is a feature common to MA-scale $Z$ pinch accelerators. The electrodes in this region are rapidly heated via mainly Ohmic or skin depth heating. Plasmas quickly form, and surface contaminants are liberated as the temperatures exceed 700 K. Instabilities lead to a rapid plasma density fill of the inner MITL and subsequent current loss. The instability growth is likely due to the resistivity of the magnetized electrode plasma. The plasma, after exceeding ${10}^{15}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ density, leads to an additional 1--2 MA current loss in the inner MITL region.