Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal): A scientific review with respect to Ayurvedic perspectives

Abstract

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Fam. Solanaceae) is one of the most important herb of Ayurveda System of Medicine used for millennia as a therapeutic tonic (Rasayana) for its wide-ranging health benefits. Among the Ayurvedic Rasayana herbs, Ashwagandha holds the most prominent place. In present review, different aspects of Ashwagandha including botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological has been covered in light of ayurvedic references has been elaborated. It discusses different vernacular names, chemotypes and details of cultivated varieties available, in addition to morphological characters, quality gradings, DNA barcoding, chemical constituents of cultivated varieties and comparison of wild and cultivated varieties. It has also included pharmacological studies reported on Ashwagandha such as neurpprotective, immunomodulatory responses, antitumor, radiosensitizing effects, antistress, adaptogenic, anticancer and toxicological profiles relevant to AYUSH. Cultivated varieties also showed hope against Alzheimer’s disease. The major phytoconstituents have also been reported for their biological effects as reported. This review may be useful for academia and industry for identity confirmation and for referring other biological effects.