The Relationship Between Cusp Region Ion Outflows and East-West Magnetic Field Fluctuations at 4,000-km Altitude

Abstract

A number of interdependent conditions and processes contribute to ionospheric-origin energetic ((Formula presented.) 10 eV to several keV) ion outflows. Due to these interdependences and the associated observational challenges, energetic ion outflows remain a poorly understood facet of atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling. Here we demonstrate the relationship between east-west magnetic field fluctuations ((Formula presented.)) and energetic outflows in the magnetosphere-ionosphere transition region. We use dayside cusp region FAST satellite observations made near apogee ((Formula presented.) 4,180-km altitude) near fall equinox and solstices in both hemispheres to derive statistical relationships between ion upflow and (Formula presented.) spectral power as a function of spacecraft frame frequency bands between 0 and 4 Hz. Identification of ionospheric-origin energetic ion upflows is automated, and the spectral power (Formula presented.) in each frequency band is obtained via integration of (Formula presented.) power spectral density. Derived relationships are of the form (Formula presented.) for upward ion flux (Formula presented.) at 130-km altitude, with (Formula presented.) the mapped upward ion flux for a nominal spectral power (Formula presented.) nT (Formula presented.). The highest correlation coefficients are obtained for spacecraft frame frequencies (Formula presented.) 0.1–0.5 Hz. Summer solstice and fall equinox observations yield power law indices (Formula presented.) 0.9–1.3 and correlation coefficients (Formula presented.), while winter solstice observations yield (Formula presented.) 0.4–0.8 with (Formula presented.). Mass spectrometer observations reveal that the oxygen/hydrogen ion composition ratio near summer solstice is much greater than the corresponding ratio near winter. These results reinforce the importance of ion composition in outflow models. If observed (Formula presented.) perturbations result from Doppler-shifted wave structures with near-zero frequencies, we show that spacecraft frame frequencies (Formula presented.) 0.1–0.5 Hz correspond to perpendicular spatial scales of several to tens of kilometers.