Cleft lip and palate: Epidemiology and etiology

Abstract

Cleft lip and palate are considered as one of the most common birth defects that result in medical, psychological, and social problems in affected individuals and their families. It has a complex etiology in which both genetic and environmental factors play a role. Risk factors such as vitamin deficiency, especially folic acid deficiency, and maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and chemical exposure have been associated with cleft lip and palate development. Identifying the factors contributing to cleft lip and palate etiology is important for preventing their development and for taking necessary measures. This article, which is based on the review of national and international literature, is important as it serves as a source for researchers and clinicians focusing on cleft lip and palate.