Climate change and human health: A medical perspective on emerging challenges and mitigation: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Climate change represents a profound and accelerating threat to human health, exerting its influence through a complex interplay of direct and indirect pathways that affect populations worldwide. Rising global temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events are driving the spread of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Lyme disease, as warmer climates expand the habitats of disease-carrying organisms. Air pollution, exacerbated by fossil fuel combustion and wildfires, contributes to a surge in respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, placing a growing burden on health systems. Additionally, climate-induced displacement, loss of livelihoods, and destruction of community infrastructure are fueling mental health challenges, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Vulnerable groups—particularly those in low-resource and geographically isolated regions—face disproportionate risks due to limited access to healthcare, inadequate infrastructure, and socioeconomic inequalities. Addressing these inequities requires targeted, culturally appropriate interventions that prioritize resilience in at-risk communities. This review synthesizes evidence-based mitigation and adaptation strategies, highlighting the healthcare sector’s pivotal role in preparedness, response, and public education. Integrating climate resilience into health systems involves strengthening disease surveillance, investing in sustainable infrastructure, and fostering intersectoral collaboration between environmental and health authorities. The discussion also explores barriers to effective policy implementation, including political inertia, funding constraints, and gaps in climate-health literacy. Future research priorities must focus on refining predictive models, evaluating intervention outcomes, and developing scalable, context-specific solutions. By offering a comprehensive overview, this review seeks to inform healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers, ultimately supporting the integration of climate adaptation and health equity into long-term planning and policy frameworks.