Crystal structures and mutational analysis of amFP486, a cyan flourescent protein from Anemonia majano

Abstract

Fluorescent proteins isolated from coral reef organisms can be roughly grouped into four color classes by emission, cyan, green, yellow, and red. To gain insight into the structural basis for cyan emission, the crystal structure of amFP486 (λemmax = 486 nm) was determined by molecular replacement, and the model was refined at 1.65-Å resolution. The electron density map reveals a chromophore formed from the tripeptide sequence -K-Y-G- that is indistinguishable from that of GFP (λemmax = 509 nm). However, the chromophore environment closely parallels those of the yellow- and red-shifted homologs zFP538, DsRed, and eqFP611. Mutagenesis was performed for Glu-150, Ala-165, His-199, and Glu-217, which are immediately adjacent to the chromophore. His-199 and Ala-165 are key side chains responsible for the blue shift, presumably by localising chromophore charge density on the phenolate moiety. Furthermore, in the H199T mutant the fluorescence quantum yield is reduced by a factor of ≈110. The crystal structures of H199T (λemmax =515 nm) and E150Q (λemmax = 506 nm) were determined. Remarkably, the H199T structure reveals that the stacking interaction of His-199 with the chromophore also controls the fluorescence efficiency, because the chromophore is statistically distributed in a 1:1 ratio between cis (fluorescent) and trans (nonfluorescent) conformations. © 2005 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA.