Impact of Anode Materials on Electrochemical Degradation of Carbamazepine: A Case Study of Producing the Main By-Product 10,11-Epoxycarbamazepine after Electrochemical Degradation of Carbamazepine

Abstract

Copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), platinum (Pt), and graphite (G)” have been applied to the electrochemical degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) from its aqueous solution. The optimum results were observed with graphite anode as follows: fully complete removal of CBZ, 0.0758 min−1 rates constant, and 0.59 Wh/mg consumption energy under these conditions: 5 V, 0.5 g NaCl, and a graphite anode. Kinetics was also considered in the present study, in which rate constants ranged between 0.0023 and 0.0886 min−1. It was observed that applied voltage affects consumption energy giving 0.34, 0.59, and 1.08 Wh/mg using 3, 5, and 7 V, respectively. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS) were used to characterize the organo-metallic precipitates which were formed using Ni and Cu anodes. The main by-product of 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine (EPX-CBZ) was elucidated and monitored using liquid chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry (LC-ToF/MS). Therefore, graphite is a promising electrode in that it performs well compared to other electrodes in removal and energy consumption.