Social perceptions of ecosystem services delivered by coastal wetlands: their value and the threats they face in northwestern Mexico

Abstract

Wetlands are recognized for their socio-environmental value and capacity to provide ecosystem services (ES) and are vulnerable to diverse threats, including those derived from climate change (CC). However, changes in ES delivery may not be recognized by ES users. To determine the extent to which coastal communities in northwestern Mexico are aware of the presence and importance of coastal wetlands, participatory workshops that followed the Metaplan methodology were held in four communities. The effects produced by extreme rainfall events (considered manifestations of CC) on wetlands and their ES were also analyzed. Four coastal wetland types (estuaries, saltmarshes, mangroves, and lagoons) were perceived to be the most important ecosystems, while poor fishing practices, mangrove deforestation, and pollution were identified as their main threats. Climate change, land use changes, and water mismanagement were also perceived as wetland threats. There were a few differences among communities that were mostly related to the number of ES and the ES categories identified. Nonetheless, saltmarshes and mangroves were identified as priority wetlands in the communities included in this study, and their ES were recognized. Most of the participants in all communities agreed on the main threats facing wetlands and their ES, particularly those related to CC and those that affect their livelihoods. Despite this awareness, regional coastal wetlands continue to decline. As such, participatory methodologies are needed to firmly establish the importance of wetlands within communities. In doing so, alternative actions based on traditional knowledge can be integrated into management actions, and novel solutions may be developed at the community level that can be scaled regionally.