Groundwater Nutrient Concentrations and Mass Loading Rates at Iowa Golf Courses

Abstract

Golf courses are often considered by the public to be significant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nonpoint sources but only limited information exists on nutrient concentrations and loads in golf course groundwater. In this study, we measured N and P concentrations in groundwater and available surface water at six randomly selected Iowa golf courses to assess the loading risk posed by these facilities to groundwater and local rivers. At each course, three shallow monitoring wells were installed, one each on representative tee, fairway, and rough locations. Wells and available surface water were sampled on eight occasions during 2015 and 2016. NO3-N concentrations were not detected above 1 mg/L at three of the six courses monitored in this study and the overall mean NO3-N concentration in Iowa golf courses was 2.2 mg/L. The mass of NO3-N recharged to groundwater averaged 3.3 kg/ha at the six courses, which represents approximately one-tenth of the NO3-N load exported by the watershed that contains the course and represented approximately 0.1 to 8% of the fertilizer N applied. Groundwater orthophosphorus concentrations averaged 0.13 mg/L and were similar to those measured in a variety of settings across Iowa. Study results should prove useful in evaluating nutrient contributions from golf courses in Midwestern states where nutrient reduction strategies are being pursued.