Beam angle optimization in IMRT: are we really optimizing what matters?

Abstract

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a modern radiotherapy modality that uses a multileaf collimator to enable the irradiation of the patient with nonuniform maps of radiation from a set of distinct beam irradiation directions. The aim of IMRT is to eradicate all cancerous cells by irradiating the tumor with a prescribed dose while simultaneously sparing, as much as possible, the neighboring tissues and organs. The optimal choice of beam irradiation directions—beam angle optimization (BAO)—can play an important role in IMRT treatment planning by improving organ sparing and tumor coverage, increasing the treatment plan quality. Typically, the BAO search is guided by the optimal value of the fluence map optimization (FMO)—the problem of obtaining the most appropriate radiation intensities for each beam direction. In this paper, a new score to guide the BAO search is introduced and embedded in a parallel multistart derivative-free optimization framework that is detailed for the extremely challenging continuous BAO problem. For the set of 10 clinical nasopharyngeal tumor cases considered, treatment plans obtained for optimized beam directions clearly outperform the benchmark treatment plans obtained considering equidistant beam directions typically used in clinical practice. Furthermore, treatment plans obtained considering the proposed score clearly improve the quality of the plans resulting from the use of the optimal value of the FMO problem to guide the BAO search.