The Comprehensive Quantification and Characterization of Oak Biochar Produced via a Gasification Process Using a Downdraft Reactor

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive characterization of oak biochar produced via downdraft gasification at 850 °C. The research employs a wide range of advanced analytical techniques to examine the biochar’s physical, chemical, and structural properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a mesoporous structure, while Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis showed a surface area of 88.97 m2/g. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated high thermal stability and carbon content (78.7%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultimate analysis confirmed the high degree of carbonization, with low O/C (0.178) and H/C (0.368) ratios indicating high aromaticity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified functional groups suggesting potential for CO2 adsorption. The biochar exhibited a negative zeta potential (−31.5 mV), indicating colloidal stability and potential for soil amendment applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy provided insights into the biochar’s crystalline structure and graphitization degree. These findings highlight the oak biochar’s suitability for diverse applications, including soil improvement, carbon sequestration, and environmental remediation. By filling knowledge gaps in oak-specific biochar research, this study underscores the benefits of optimized downdraft gasification and sets a foundation for future advancements in sustainable biochar applications.