Unmasking the therapeutic potential of biomarkers in type-1 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widely spread disorders affecting millions of people every year. Uncontrolled or chronic diabetes may lead to diabetes-associated complications. Conventional therapies often fail to define clear parameters and do not provide early detection of diabetes and pre-diabetes. Thus, there is a need to find a diagnostic method that can non-invasively help detect and prevent diabetes and associated complications. To combat this challenge, biomarkers' use has gained importance in the early detection of pre-diabetes and diabetes-associated complications. Detailed analyses from research and review articles were performed to elucidate the true potential of biomarkers in early detection, disease pathogenesis, risk prediction, and therapeutic monitoring in diabetes and associated complications. This review discusses the type of biomarkers, the progress, challenges, and short-coming related to biomarkers implications. This review also discusses the future directions in developing type-1 diabetes biomarkers focusing on genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic aspects. From the findings from the available data on research and development carried out in biomarker research, significant improvements and conclusive studies have been conducted to confirm the beneficial clinical effect in early detection of diabetes using the biomarkers. The data from these studies promise novel biomarkers' implication in detecting pre-diabetes, which may help reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with diabetes and associated complications.