PHYTOCHEMICALS AS FUTURE DRUGS FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE: A REVIEW

Abstract

Around 1 billion people in the world are suffering from neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, strokes and so other related diseases. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second mostcommon chronic neurodegenerative disease that affectsmotor skills and cognitive performance. There have been various conventionaltherapeutic approaches for the management of PD that are justable to alleviate symptoms. In terms of thus Exploring for achieving novelsubstances with therapeutic benefits in PD patients is the focus of a wide range of current investigations. The aim is thus to comprehensively review phytochemicalswith protective or therapeutic activities in PD and hence then focus on their neuropsychopharmacology mechanisms. Various subgroups of polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and lignans) and terpenes that are the most abundant groups of phytochemicals with well-established antiparkinsonian effects. Also the Other phytochemical categories, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, alkaloids, cinnamates, and fatty acid amides, also have some representatives with positive effects in PD. Phytochemicalsperform their antiparkinsonian effect through several mechanisms of action, including one is suppressing apoptosis (via the reduction of Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3, - 8,and -9, and ?-synuclein accumulation), other reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (such as prostaglandin E2, interleukin6, interleukin-1?, and nuclear factor-?B), decreasing dopaminergic neuronal loss and dopamine depletion and modulating nuclear and cellular inflammatory signaling, elevation of neurotrophic factors, and improvement of antioxidant status. The various Plant-derived natural products can be considered as future pharmaceutical drugs or adjuvant treatment with conventional therapeutic approaches to improve their efficacy and attenuate or alleviate their psychological adverse effects in the management of PD.Well-designed recent clinical trials that are manda