ATLANTIC DIP: The prevalence of pre-diabetes/type 2 diabetes in an Irish population with gestational diabetes mellitus 1-5 years post index pregnancy

Abstract

Our ATLANTIC-DIP (diabetes in pregnancy) programme showed 18% of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screened with a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 12 weeks post-partum demonstrated glucose intolerance. However, long-term data on progression to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) post gestational diabetes (GDM) in an Irish population is lacking. We compared Caucasian women with previous GDM (n = 116), and with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) during pregnancy (n = 52), using a 75 g OGTT, to determine prevalence of diabetes/pre-diabetes 1-5 years post index pregnancy. Women with abnormal OGTT 12 weeks post-partum (n = 22: IFG/IGT, n = 20, DM, n = 2) did not undergo OGTT, but were included in the analysis. American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria for IFG/IGT/DM were used. 12% (11/94) of GDM patients rescreened had pre-diabetes/DM (IFG/IGT, n = 10; DM, n = 1), giving a prevalence of 28.4% (33/ 116) for pre-diabetes/diabetes, versus 2% (1/52) of women with NGT during pregnancy. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine index pregnancy factors associated with post-partum pre-diabetes/diabetes. These were: first-degree relative with DM (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.0, 7.4; p = 0.04), insulin use during pregnancy (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.2; 9.6, p = 0.01), fasting glucose during pregnancy (OR for glucose C5.6 mmol/L: 4.5; 95% CI 1.4, 14.2; p = 0.01) and not breastfeeding (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.2, 9.1; p = 0.02). BMI in pregnancy was not associated with pre-diabetes/diabetes at 1-5 years. The high prevalence of diabetes/pre-diabetes in this population offers an opportunity to develop a screening program to benefit at risk individuals, particularly targeting those with insulin-requiring GDM, higher fasting glucose levels and positive family history.