High-performance small- A nd wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) experiments on a multi-functional laboratory goniometer platform with easily exchangeable X-ray modules

Abstract

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a well-established, versatile technique for the analysis of nanoscale structures and dimensions, e.g., in liquid dispersions, thin solid objects or powder samples. When combined with wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), complementary information about the atomic structure can be obtained. SAXS experiments traditionally require dedicated instruments to achieve the desired angular resolution, sensitivity, stability, and speed of measurement. Here we demonstrate how a multi-functional laboratory goniometer platform, as widely being used for powder X-ray diffraction and for a variety of related techniques, can be configured with pre-aligned X-ray modules that enable advanced SAXS/WAXS experiments, without compromising the exceptional versatility of the instrument. Line and point collimation setups, as well as quick and easy switching between them, are readily possible. Key components are a detachable, evacuated beam path and a high-resolution, low-noise hybrid pixel area detector, in combination with a hardware interface design that allows to configure the instrument with different X-ray modules without the need for re-alignment. Software for SAXS data reduction and analysis was developed. The good SAXS/WAXS performance and the derived analytical results were verified on various test samples, such as gold nanoparticles, colloidal silica, liposomes, dilute protein solutions, and solid polymer samples. It is believed that this novel approach to SAXS/WAXS instrumentation will help to make this powerful structure analysis technique more widely accessible and affordable for multi-user laboratories.