A 385 × 385 µm2 0.165 V 0.27 nW fully-integrated supply-modulated OOK transmitter in 65 nm CMOS for glasses-free, self-powered, and fuel-cell-embedded continuous glucose monitoring contact lens

Abstract

This work presents the lowest power consumption sub-mm2 supply-modulated OOK transmitter for self-powering a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) contact lens. By combining the transmitter with a glucose fuel cell that functions as both the power source and a sensing transducer, a self-powered CGM contact lens was developed. The 385 × 385 µm2 test chip implemented in 65-nm standard CMOS technology operates at 270 pW with a supply voltage of 0.165 V. Self-powered operation of the transmitter using a 2 × 2 mm2 solid-state glucose fuel cell was thus demonstrated.