Ink-state preaggregation control enables scalable and automated fabrication of highly efficient and stable organic photovoltaics

Abstract

Scalability and automation are critical for advancing organic solar cells (OSCs) toward high-throughput production, yet both remain notable challenges. Here, we report a simple yet effective strategy using Tz6T as a multifunctional additive to regulate ink-state preaggregation to address both concerns. Tz6T interacts with both donor and acceptor molecules in ink, enabling improved and more ordered preaggregation. This facilitates uniform film formation and significantly reduces bimolecular recombination, enables 16.4% efficiency large-area green solvent–processed OSC modules (19.3 cm2), ranking it among the best reported values to date. Furthermore, the preagggregated ink mitigates the morphology drift caused by time delays in preprogrammed robotic fabrication, yielding device efficiency exceeding 16%, highlighting strong potential for high-throughput production. Beyond efficiency, Tz6T also enhances long-term stability and exhibits compatibility across diverse material systems, underscoring its broad applicability. This work offers a promising pathway for accelerating the translation toward sustainable, scalable, and automated fabricable high-performance and stable OSCs, paving the way for their industrialization.