Multiscale effects caused by the fracturing and fragmentation of rock blocks during rock mass movement: Implications for rock avalanche propagation

Abstract

The fracturing and fragmentation of rock blocks are important phenomena that occur ubiquitously during the propagation of rock avalanches. Here, the movement of a rectangular rock block characterized by different joint sets along an upper sloped and lower horizontal plane is simulated using discrete element method (DEM) models. The pattern of the joint set allows the block to break along weak joint planes at the onset of fragmentation. With this design, the fracturing and fragmentation of the sliding rock block and their influences on the conversion and transmission of energy within the system are investigated. The results show that rock fragmentation can significantly alter the horizontal velocities and kinetic energies of fragments in the block system, accelerating the front sub-block while decelerating the rear sub-block. Such energy conversion and transmission between the front and rear sub-blocks are attributed to the accumulation and release of elastic strain energy caused by fragmentation. The energy transfer induced by fragmentation is more efficient than that induced by collision. Furthermore, positive relationships between the kinetic energy increase in the front sub-block induced by joint fracturing and the joint strength can be reliably fitted with linear functions, indicating that a rock mass with a higher joint strength experiences more-energetic fragmentation effects.