Reproduction, hatchery and culture applications for the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera): a methodological appraisal

Abstract

Although much is known regarding the physiology, ecology and life history of Macrocystis pyrifera, there is little accessible information for establishing robust and reliable culturing practices to support aquaculture and habitat restoration. Naturally occurring kelp forests formed by M. pyrifera support productive coastal ecosystems, and because it is one of the fastest growing macroalgal species, its high biomass production, and high affinity for nutrients and significant polysaccharide content makes it a species of considerable interest for aquaculture. This species has undergone substantial decline throughout its biogeographic range and is threatened by local and global stressors. Here, we synthesize the current knowledge on culturing of M. pyrifera and discuss approaches to stock collection, preservation of diversity and applications for experimental studies. It is crucial to preserve the current genetic diversity of this species immediately and long-term culture storage approaches such as germplasm banking and cryopreservation provide the tools to allow this. A concerted effort is also needed to better understand the physiological attributes of M. pyrifera in order to select strains for aquaculture and restorative applications that may provide resilience to future environmental stressors. Finally, attention must be given to developing effective in situ restoration approaches whereby large-scale stock production can be optimized and out-planting strategies developed to ensure restoration success.