Integration of Artificial Intelligence in K-12: Analysis of a Three-Year Pilot Study

Abstract

A three-year pilot study investigated the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) as a motivational tool for teaching programming concepts within the Croatian Informatics curriculum. The study was conducted in schools through the extracurricular activity EDIT CodeSchool with the Development of Intelligent Web Applications (RIWA) module. Twelve schools in Split-Dalmatia County in the Republic of Croatia participated, resulting in 112 successfully completed student projects. The program consisted of two phases: (1) theoretical instruction with examples and exercises, and (2) project-based learning, where students developed final projects using JavaScript and the ml5.js library. The study employed project analysis and semi-structured student interviews to assess learning outcomes. Findings suggest that AI-enhanced learning can effectively support programming education without increasing instructional hours, providing insights for integrating AI concepts into existing curricula.