A theoretical study of thionine: Spin-orbit coupling and intersystem crossing

Abstract

A study of the possible intersystem crossing (ISC) mechanisms (S → T) in thionine (3,7-diamino-phenothiazin-5-ium), which is conducive to the efficient population of the triplet manifold, is presented. The radiationless deactivation channels {S1,S2(π → π*) → T1,T2(π → π*)} have been examined. Since the direct ISC does not explain the high triplet quantum yield in this system, attention has been centered on the vibronic spin-orbit coupling between the low-lying singlet and triplet (π → π*) states of interest. An efficient population transfer from the S1(πH → πL*) state to the T2(πH-1 → πL*) state via this channel is confirmed. The calculated ISC rate constant for this channel is kISC ≈ 3.35 × 10 8 s-1, which can compete with the radiative depopulation of the S1(πH → πL*) state via fluorescence (kF ≈ 1.66 × 108 s-1) in a vacuum. The S1(πH → πL*) → T1(πH → πL*) and {S2(πH-1 → πL*) → T 1,T2(π → π*)} ISC channels have been estimated to be less efficient (kISC ≈ 105-10 6 s-1). Based on the computed ISC rate constants and excited-state solvent shifts, it is suggested that the efficient triplet quantum yield of thionine in water is primarily due to the S1(π H → πL*) → T2(π H-1 → πL*) channel with a computed rate constant of the order of 108-109 s-1 which is in accord with the experimental finding (kISC = 2.8 × 10 9 s-1). © The Royal Society of Chemistry and Owner Societies 2012.