Self-control of inflammation during tail regeneration of lizards

Abstract

Lizards can spontaneously regenerate their lost tail without evoking excessive inflammation at the damaged site. In contrast, tissue/organ injury of its mammalian counterparts results in wound healing with a formation of a fibrotic scar due to uncontrolled activation of inflammatory responses. Unveiling the mechanism of self-limited inflammation occurring in the regeneration of a lizard tail will provide clues for a therapeutic alternative to tissue injury. The present review provides an overview of aspects of rapid wound healing and roles of antibacterial peptides, effects of leukocytes on the tail regeneration, self-blocking of the inflammatory activation in leukocytes, as well as inflammatory resistance of blastemal cells or immature somatic cells during lizard tail regeneration. These mechanistic insights of self-control of inflammation during lizard tail regeneration may lead in the future to the development of therapeutic strategies to fight injury-induced inflammation.