Do We Have Any Environmental or Perinatal Factor Which May Predispose for Paediatric Airways Diseases? An Italian Population Prospective Study

Abstract

Background: Paediatric airway diseases such as asthma, allergies, rhinitis, upper respiratory tract infections and acute otitis media are major health challenges for children globally. The prevalence of these conditions has been increasing, impacting children's quality of life, educational attainment and imposing a substantial economic burden. Objectives: This longitudinal prospective study investigated the prevalence rates and environmental links associated with paediatric airway diseases in the first 3 years of life in 241 newborns, with the goal of contributing to early detection, prevention and management strategies. Methods: Structured questionnaires were administered to parents at birth, 1 year and 3 years of age. Data on socioeconomic factors, pregnancy and delivery characteristics, parental smoking, breastfeeding, childcare attendance and children's health history were collected. Skin prick tests were conducted in year 3 to assess allergic sensitisation. Results: Two hundred seven patients completed three-year follow-up. Factors such as having siblings, exclusive breastfeeding and attending kindergarten were associated with increased risks of certain diseases at 1 and 3 years. Smoking exposure appeared protective against wheezing in the first year. Breastfeeding showed mixed results, with protective effects against URTIs at 1 year but a potential risk factor for asthma at 1 year. Kindergarten attendance was associated with increased risks of URTIs and AOM at 3 years but appeared protective against inhalant allergies. Conclusion: The study highlighted the complex interplay of various factors in the development of paediatric airway diseases. Further research is needed to refine our understanding of these factors and their impact on paediatric diseases.