Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome in Children, A Disease with Too Many Faces: A Single-Center Experience

Abstract

Background and aim: Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare and severe condition associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children with onset approximately 4–6 weeks after infection. To date, the precise mechanism that causes MIS-C is not known and there are many questions related to the etiology, risk factors, and evolution of this syndrome. We aimed to describe the clinical manifestations, treatment methods, and disease evolution and analyze the main risk factors for MIS-C in children hospitalized in our clinic. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective study including children with MIS-C followed-up in the 2nd Pediatric Clinic of the Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children Cluj-Napoca, Romania, for 13 months (November 2020–December 2021). Results: We included in our cohort 34 children (mean age 6.8 ± 4.6 years) who met MIS-C criteria: high and prolonged fever associated with organ dysfunction (heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes, bone marrow or gastrointestinal organs), and autoantibodies and/or polymerase chain reaction positives for SARS-CoV-2. Nineteen patients (55.88%) had a severe form of the disease, with multiorgan failure and shock, and myocardial or respiratory failure. The number of organs affected in the severe forms was significantly higher (more than 6 in 73.70%) than in mild forms (2–3 in 60%). Cardiac dysfunction, hypoalbuminemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyponatremia were more important in severe forms of MIS-C. These patients required respiratory support, resuscitation with fluid boluses, vasoactive drugs, or aggressive therapy. All patients with mild forms had fully recovered compared to 63.16% in severe forms. The others with severe forms developed long-term complications (dilation of the coronary arteries, premature ventricular contraction, or myocardial fibrosis). Two patients had an extremely severe evolution. One is still waiting for a heart transplant, and the other died (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome with multiorgan failure). Conclusions: From mild to severe forms with multiorgan failure, shock, and many other complications, MIS-C represents a difficult challenge for pediatricians, who must be aware of the correct diagnosis and unpredictable, possibly severe evolution.