Oxidized phospholipids in tumor microenvironment stimulate tumor metastasis via regulation of autophagy

Abstract

Oxidized phospholipids are well known to play physiological and pathological roles in regulating cellular homeostasis and disease progression. However, their role in cancer metastasis has not been entirely understood. In this study, effects of oxidized phosphatidylcholines such as 1‐ palmitoyl‐2‐(5‐oxovaleroyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (POVPC) on epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and autophagy were determined in cancer cells by immunoblotting and confocal analysis. Metastasis was analyzed by a scratch wound assay and a transwell migration/invasion assay. The concentrations of POVPC and 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐glutaroyl‐sn‐glycero‐phosphocholine (PGPC) in tumor tissues obtained from patients were measured by LC‐MS/MS analysis. POVPC induced EMT, resulting in increase of migration and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and human breast cancer cells (MCF7). POVPC induced autophagic flux through AMPK‐mTOR pathway. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA knockdown of autophagy decreased migration and invasion of POVPC‐treated HepG2 and MCF7 cells. POVPC and PGPC levels were greatly increased at stage II of patient‐derived intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissues. PGPC levels were higher in malignant breast tumor tissues than in adjacent nontumor tissues. The results show that oxidized phosphatidylcholines increase metastatic potential of cancer cells by promoting EMT, mediated through autophagy. These suggest the positive regulatory role of oxidized phos-pholipids accumulated in tumor microenvironment in the regulation of tumorigenesis and metas-tasis.