“Inflammation and Its Modulation: Mechanisms, Disease Associations, and Future Therapeutic Directions”

Abstract

Inflammation is a critical immune response that facilitates survival in the event of infection and tissue damage. It involves complex cellular and molecular events, including increased vascular permeability, immune cell recruitment, apoptosis, and tissue regeneration.Acute inflammatory responses, triggered by stimuli such as ischemia, trauma, or infection, are essential for restoring tissue homeostasis. However, when inflammation is excessive or unresolved, it contributes to the pathogenesis of various chronic conditions including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions.In fact, our well-being and survival depends upon its efficiency and carefully-balanced control. In general, the innate inflammatory response initiates within minutes and, if all is well, resolves within hours. In contrast, chronic inflammation persists for weeks, months or even years. The review examines the underlying mechanisms, disease associations, current treatment limitations, and emerging anti-inflammatory strategies, including metabolic reprogramming, gene regulation via microRNAs, and nanotechnology based drug delivery systems.