Lysine 246 of the vitamin D receptor is crucial for ligand-dependent interaction with coactivators and transcriptional activity

Abstract

Mutant K246A in the predicted helix 3 of the ligand-binding domain, as well as mutants L417S and E420Q in helix 12, which contains the core ligand- dependent transcriptional activation domain (AF-2), were generated to examine AF-2 activity of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). These mutations abolished vitamin D-dependent transactivation. In addition, VDR mediates a ligand- dependent repression of the response of the retinoic acid receptor β2 promoter to retinoic acid, and the helix 3 and helix 12 mutants were unable to mediate trans-repression. Furthermore, the VDR mutants, but not the native receptor, enhanced phorbol ester induction of the activator protein-1- containing collagenase promoter. The helix 3 and helix 12 mutations strikingly reduced the ability of VDR to interact with the coactivators steroid receptor coactivator-1, ACTR, and the CREB-binding protein. As a consequence, overexpression of steroid receptor coactivator-1 increased vitamin D-dependent transactivation by VDR but not by the K246A mutant. These results indicate that the lysine 246 participates, together with residues in helix 12, in the recruitment of coactivators and that AF-2 activity is involved both in ligand-dependent transactivation and in transrepression by VDR.