Ethnoveterinary Practices for Wild Medicinal Plants from Malawi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia: A Critical Review

Abstract

Ethnoveterinary practices, particularly the use of wild medicinal plants, play a significant role in animal healthcare in many rural communities of Malawi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia. These traditional practices provide affordable and culturally relevant alternatives to conventional veterinary medicine, especially where access to modern animal healthcare is limited. However, despite their potential, limited documentation and systematic evaluation of these practices pose challenges for their integration into broader animal health strategies and conservation efforts. This critical review aims to synthesize available knowledge on wild medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medicine across the three countries, focusing on plant species, preparation methods, dosage, and efficacy. The methodology involved a comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed articles using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were applied to identify studies documenting traditional uses, plant preparation, dosage, and efficacy. Data extraction focused on key plant species, ethnoveterinary applications, preparation techniques, and reported effectiveness. Findings reveal a diverse range of wild plants utilized for treating various animal health issues, such as gastrointestinal disorders, wounds, and parasitic infections. Preparation methods often include decoctions, infusions, and topical applications. While many plants are reputed to have high efficacy, scientific validation remains limited for many species. The review underscores the need for further pharmacological studies and policy measures to protect traditional knowledge and biodiversity. This study highlights the critical role of ethnoveterinary practices in enhancing animal health and emphasizes the need to integrate traditional and modern approaches, promoting conservation and sustainable utilization of wild medicinal plant resources.