Towards responsible whale-watching tourism on the Ryukyu Islands

Abstract

Whale watching contributes to the livelihood of island communities and whale conservation. However, understanding the responsibilities of its operations is important. This paper discusses the persistent challenges in whale watching on the Ryukyu Islands, showcasing a novel context from Japan. In-depth interviews were conducted with the secretary-general and chairperson of three whale-watching associations in the study area. A reflexive thematic analysis, informed by constructive epistemology, critical realist ontology, and combined deductive and inductive methods, was employed to develop themes. Self-regulation provides guidelines for whale watching towards minimal adverse impact on the whales. Intra- and inter-association communication is crucial for maintaining good relationships and resolving conflicts. However, lack of legal power cannot combat external free riders. This study highlights the need for legislation beyond the current self-regulation and ecological education embedded in the tour programme to safeguard the development of and extend the benefits of responsible whale-watching tourism in Japan.