Green Extraction of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Rice Straw and Determination of Its Reinforcing Capacity in PHBV Films

Abstract

Rice straw is a highly produced agricultural waste with a high cellulose content, which can be used as a cellulose source. Nevertheless, more sustainable extraction and purification strategies are needed to reduce the consumption of chemicals during the production of cellulose-derived materials. In this way, an integrated method based on subcritical water extraction and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide was used for isolating cellulose from rice straw. The cellulose fibres obtained were converted into microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by applying acid hydrolysis with HCl 2N at 60 °C to reduce the fibre amorphous fraction. High cellulose purity (86%) and crystallinity (67%) were obtained in the isolated fibres. The influence of high-shear homogenisation (12,000 rpm) during hydrolysis was analysed, compared to mild stirring (350 rpm) at different times (30 and 60 min). High-shear homogenisation greatly accelerated the hydrolysis process of the amorphous fraction of the fibres, contributing to the reduction in particle size (to about 10 µm), defibration, increased crystallinity (70–72%), and shorter cellulose chains (92,400–61,600 g/mol) for a given treatment time. After 30–60 min of treatment, the resulting MCCs exhibited properties within the range reported for commercial AVICEL, with greater reinforcing performance in PHBV films. These MCCs resulted in lower water vapour permeability, while improved oxygen barrier properties were mainly observed for those obtained under high-shear hydrolysis conditions.