Comparative evaluation of compressive strength and morphological interface of carbonated hydroxyapatite with other pulp capping materials: An in vitro analysis

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the compressive strength of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) to other pulp capping materials and to assess the morphological interface of CHA when immediately restored with final restorative material. Methods: CHA was synthesized and subsequently subjected to characterization. To evaluate compressive strength, samples were prepared in stainless steel molds and then divided into two groups for testing: immediate and after 24 h of incubation. They were subsequently subjected to compressive strength testing using an INSTRON universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS software. Samples were prepared and divided into three groups to assess the bond interface between pulp capping materials and restorative materials using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: ApaCal ART exhibited the highest compressive strength immediately after setting and after 24 h, followed by mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), with CHA showing the lowest strength. SEM examination revealed consistent interpenetration between the pulp capping materials and adhesive system for all groups. CHA and MTA showed an interdiffusion zone at the junction, while the ApaCal group displayed voids at the interface. Conclusion: In conclusion, although CHA may not match the compressive strength of other materials, its reliable bonding characteristics make it a promising candidate for clinical applications in pulp capping procedures.